2.2.4+I,+S+&+P+KEY+TERMS+(y1)

toc For each term below, contribute a unique idea (a definition, an example, an image, a link to an article about the term, embed a video, or other information/media that helps us understand the term. Put 4 ~ next to your contribution so we know who added what. 1241413104
 * Images, Sounds, and Presentations KEY TERMS**

Animation

 * the art of creating moving images with the use of computers. It is a subfield of computer graphics and animation.1241620598
 * Animation is most commonly presented as a motion picture or video program, although several other forms of presenting animation also exist. 1241685505
 * There are 3 main kinds of animation: traditional animation, stop-motion animation, and digital animation.1242396021
 * Example[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Golf_Swing_Animation.gif width="220" height="220"]]1242309618
 * Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in order to create an illusion of movement. 1242310839
 * Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. 1242656641

Bit-map Graphics

 * A bitmap corresponds [|bit]-for-bit with an image displayed on a screen, generally in the same format used for storage in the display's video memory, or maybe as a device-independent [|bitmap]. Bitmap is technically characterized by the width and height of the image in pixels and by the number of bits per pixel (a [|color depth], which determines the number of colors it can represent). 1241620598
 * Also known as a raster graphics image. 1242396021
 * Photo-editing programs, like Adobe PhotoShop is an example of a program, which works with Bitmap images. It allows you to refine small details, make drastic changes, and intensify effects. 1241685505
 * Example:[[image:http://www.gomediazine.com/wp-content/images//2007/09/8-bitmap.jpg width="300" height="195"]]1242309952
 * Bitmap or pixmap is a type of memory organization or image file format used to store digital images. The term //bitmap// comes from the computer programming terminology, meaning just a //map of bits//, a spatially mapped array of bits. Now, along with //pixmap//, it commonly refers to the similar concept of a spatially mapped array of pixels. Raster images in general may be referred to as bitmaps or pixmaps, whether synthetic or photographic, in files or in memory. 1242310839
 * the approximate size for a n-bit-per-pixel (2ncolors) bitmap, in [|bytes], can be calculated as:[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/3/a/83a7393310516c54f7bcb0260ea90487.png caption="size \approx width \cdot height \cdot n/8"]] 1242656641

Vector Graphics

 * Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or polygon(s), which are all based upon mathematical equations, to represent images in computer graphics. 1241620598
 * One of the advantages of using vector graphics with a 3-D perspective compared to the use of raster graphics, rendering shadows is much more realistic with vector graphics, as shadows can be abstracted into the rays of light which form them. This allows for photo realistic images and renderings. Another advantage is that you can indefinitely zoom in on e.g. a circle arc, and it remains smooth. 1241685505
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/VectorBitmapExample.png/220px-VectorBitmapExample.png]]1242396021
 * Vector graphics formats are complementary to raster graphics, which is the representation of images as an array of pixels, as it is typically used for the representation of photographic images. 1242656641

Object-oriented

 * **object-oriented programming** (**OOP**) is a [|programming paradigm] that uses "[|objects]" and their interactions to design applications and computer programs. 1241620598
 * Programming techniques may include features such as information hiding, data abstraction, encapsulation (conceals the functional details of a class from objects that send messages to it), modularity, polymorphism (ability of objects belonging to different data types to respond to method calls of methods of the same name, each one according to an appropriate type-specific behavior.), and inheritance. 1241685505
 * OOP is popular in scripting programming languages. Example: [|Python]1242396021
 * OOP is a programming techniques may include features such as information hiding, data abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, polymorphism, and inheritance. It was not commonly used in mainstream software application development until the early 1990s. Many modern programming languages now support OOP. 1242310839
 * n OOP, each object is capable of receiving messages, processing data, and sending messages to other objects and can be viewed as an independent 'machine' with a distinct role or responsibility. The actions (or "operators") on these objects are closely associated with the object. For example, the data structures tend to carry their own operators around with them (or at least "inherit" them from a similar object or class).1242656641

Clip art
> > (Source: Clip art Wikipedia) 1241685505
 * ready-made pieces of computerized graphic art that can be used to decorate a document. A collection of images you can use in various documents. Clip art is often distributed on CD-ROM in large collections (thousands of clip art pieces) organized into categories, or available on the World Wide Web. 1241620598
 * Clip art does not include stock photography, but the concept is similar. 1242396021
 * Examples of computer clip art:
 * Clip art, in the graphic arts, refers to pre-made images used to illustrate any medium. Today, clip art is used extensively in both personal and commercial projects, ranging from home-printed greeting cards to commercial candles. Clip art comes in many forms, both electronic and printed. However, most clip art today is created, distributed, and used in an electronic form. Since its inception, clip art has evolved to include a wide variety of content, file formats, illustration styles, and licensing restrictions. Clip art is generally composed exclusively of illustrations (created by hand or by computer software), and does not include stock photography. 1242310839
 * Clip art file formats are divided into 2 different types: bitmap or vector graphics. 1242656641

CAD
> > http://www.bestpricecomputers.co.uk/glossary/computer-aided-design.htm > 1241685505
 * Computer Aided Design. An automated system for the design, drafting and display of graphically oriented information. 1241620598
 * CAD can be used for virtual simulations. There are many benefits when using CAD, which could be that you are able to create an item with reduction of the cost of product development and the time required to run tests. Also the fact that conceptual designs can be modified instantly as the tests progress gives a huge advantage. Example of CAD in progress:
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Cad-fm01s.gif caption="CAD software in action"]]1242396021
 * Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer technology for the design of objects, real or virtual. 1242310839
 * However CAD often involves more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD often must convey also symbolic information such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-specific conventions. 1242656641

Hypermedia

 * A type of multimedia hypertext that involves graphics, sound, and video, as well as text. 1241620598
 * An example of a classic hypermedia is the World Wide Web, whereas a non-interactive movie presentation is an example of standard multimedia due to the absence of hyperlinks.1241685505
 * //Hypermedia// contrasts with //multimedia// because the latter is a broader term that includes linear, non-interactive media presentations. 1242396021
 * Hypermedia is used as a logical extension of the term hypertext in which graphics, audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks intertwine to create a generally non-linear medium of information.This contrasts with the broader term //multimedia//, which may be used to describe non-interactive linear presentations as well as hypermedia. It is also related to the field of Electronic literature. 1242310839
 * Hypermedia may be developed a number of ways. Any programming tool can be used to write programs that link data from internal variables and nodes for external data files. Multimedia development software such as Adobe Flash, Adobe Director, Macromedia Authorware, and MatchWare Mediator may be used to create stand-alone hypermedia applications, with emphasis on entertainment content. Some database software such as Visual FoxPro and FileMaker Developer may be used to develop stand-alone hypermedia applications, with emphasis on educational and business content management.1242656641

Hypertext

 * A method of presenting information where selected words in online text can be "expanded" into more information. 1241620598
 * Hypertext documents can either be static or dynamic. Static means that the hypertext document is prepared and stored in advance, and can be used to cross-reference collections of data in documents. Dynamic means that the hypertext document changes continually in response to the users input.1241685505
 * [[image:http://bid.ankara.edu.tr/yardim/www/guide/graphics/hypertext.gif]]1242396021
 * Hypertext is text, displayed on a computer, with references (hyperlinks) to other text that the reader can immediately follow, usually by a mouse click or keypress sequence. Apart from running text, hypertext may contain tables, images and other presentational devices. Any of these can be hyperlinks; other means of interaction may also be present, e.g. a bubble with text may appear when the mouse hovers somewhere, a video clip may be started and stopped, or a form may be filled out and submitted. 1242310839
 * Ted Nelson coined the term Hypertext in 1965. 1242650455
 * Hypertext documents can either be static (prepared and stored in advance) or dynamic (continually changing in response to user input). Static hypertext can be used to cross-reference collections of data in documents, software applications, or books on CDs. A well-constructed system can also incorporate other user-interface conventions, such as menus and command lines. Hypertext can develop very complex and dynamic systems of linking and cross-referencing. 1242656641

Pixel
> > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel > 1241685505
 * Picture element. The smallest unit (point) of an image displayed on screen. The quality of an image depends on the number of pixels per inch that make up the image. 1241620598
 * The following picture shows the individual pixels, which are rendered as little squares in the enlarged version of the screen and keyboard:
 * Each pixel has generally three or four color components, such as red, green, and blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. 1242396021
 * In digital imaging, a pixel (or picture element) is the smallest item of information in an image. Pixels are normally arranged in a 2-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots, squares, or rectangles. Each pixel is a sample of an original image, where more samples typically provide more-accurate representations of the original. 1242310839
 * Pixels are measured by resolution or a DPI. 1242650455
 * A pixel is generally thought of as the smallest single component of a digital image. The definition is highly context-sensitive. For example, there can be "printed pixels" in a page, or pixels carried by electronic signals, or represented by digital values, or pixels on a display device, or pixels in a digital camera (photosensor elements). This list is not exhaustive, and depending on context, there are several terms that are synonymous in particular contexts, such as pel, sample, byte, bit, dot, spot, etc. The term "pixels" can be used in the abstract, or as a unit of measure, in particular when using pixels as a measure of resolution, such as: 2400 pixels per inch, 640 pixels per line, or spaced 10 pixels apart. 1242656641

Resolution

 * the number of pixels per square inch on a computer-generated display; the greater the resolution, the better the picture 1241620598
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Resolution_illustration.png caption="Increasing resolution"]]1242396021
 * The display resolution of a digital television or display typically refers to the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. It can be an ambiguous term especially as the displayed resolution is controlled by all different factors in cathode ray tube (CRT) and flat panel or projection displays using fixed picture-element (pixel) arrays. [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e5/Vector_Video_Standards2.svg width="542" height="434"]] 1242310839 (I personally use 1440 x900! =D )
 * Note that the use of the word //resolution// here is misleading. The term "display resolution" is usually used to mean //pixel dimensions// (e.g., 1280×1024), which does not tell anything about the resolution of the display on which the image is actually formed. In digital measurement the display resolution would be given in pixels per inch. In analog measurement, if the screen is 10 inches high then the horizontal resolution is measured across a square 10 inches wide. 1242656641

MP3

 * MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a digital audio encoding format using a form of lossy data compression. 1241620598
 * File name extension: .mp3, eg. MarioKartLoveSong.mp3 1242396021
 * An advantage of using MP3: A MP3 file that is created using the mid-range bit rate setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is typically about 1/10 the size of the CD file created from the original audio source. 1241685505
 * MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3, is a digital audio encoding format using a form of lossy data compression. 1242311005
 * The use in MP3 of a lossy compression algorithm is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. 1242656641

MIDI

 * MIDI stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. A MIDI file doesn't contain actual audio data, but rather contains commands that let MIDI-capable synthesizers re-create a specific musical passage. 1241620598
 * MIDI enables electronic musical instruments such as keyboard controllers, computers, and other electronic equipment to communicate, control, and synchronize with each other. 1241685505
 * [[image:http://digitalmedia.oreilly.com/images/oreilly/digitalmedia/2005/06/controller1_kontrol49.jpg width="322" height="240" caption="An application of MIDI"]]1242396021
 * All MIDI compatible controllers, musical instruments, and MIDI-compatible software follow the same MIDI 1.0 specification, and thus interpret any given MIDI message the same way, and so can communicate with and understand each other. MIDI composition and arrangement takes advantage of ** MIDI 1.0 ** and General MIDI (GM) technology to allow musical data files to be shared among many different files due to some incompatibility with various electronic instruments by using a standard, portable set of commands and parameters. Because the music is simply data rather than recorded audio waveforms, the data size of the files is quite small by comparison. 1242311005
 * MIDI composition and arrangement takes advantage of MIDI 1.0 and General MIDI (GM) technology to allow musical data files to be shared among various electronic instruments by using a standard, portable set of commands and parameters. Because the music is simply data rather than recorded audio waveforms, the data size of the files is quite small by comparison. 1242656641

Morph
> > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphing > 1241685505
 * Morphing is a special effect in motion pictures and animations that changes (or morphs) one image into another through a seamless transition. Most often it is used to depict one person turning into another through some magical or technological means or as part of a fantasy or surreal sequence. 1241620598
 * Traditionally, the effect is attempted through cross-fading techniques on film. Digital morphing is obviously more natural of a transition.1242396021
 * The following picture shows a morph from George W. Bush into Arnold Schwarzenegger
 * Morphing software continues to advance today and many programs can automatically morph images that correspond closely enough with relatively little instruction from the user. This has led to the use of morphing techniques to create convincing slow-motion effects where none existed in the original film or video footage by morphing between each individual frame using optical flow technology. Morphing has also appeared as a transition technique between one scene and another in television shows, even if the contents of the two images are entirely unrelated. 1242656641